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of merchants to pay to insure their goods being shipped together. The collected premiums would be used to reimburse any merchant whose goods were jettisoned during transport, whether to storm or sinkage.
Separate insurance contracts (i.e., insurance policies not bundled with loans or other kinds of contracts) were invented in in the 14th century, as were insurance pools backed by pledges of landed estates. The first known insurance contract dates from GENOA in 1347, and in the next century maritime insurance developed widely and premiums were intuitively varied with risks. These new insurance contracts allowed insurance to be separated from investment, a separation of roles that first proved useful in MARINE INSURANCE
If the Insured has a "reimbursement" policy, the insured can be required to pay for a loss and then be "reimbursed" by the insurance carrier for the loss and out of pocket costs including, with the permission of the insurer, claim expenses.
Under a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would defend and pay a claim on behalf of the insured who would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language which enables the insurance carrier to manage and control the claim
PRIMIUM ARTICLE
Premiums are PROMOTIONAL items — toys, COLLACTABLES souvenirs and household products — that are linked to a product, and often require box tops, tokens or PROOFS OF PURCHASE to acquire. The consumer generally has to pay at least the shipping and handling costs to receive the premium. Premiums are sometimes referred to as prizes, although historically the word PRIZE has be
[27/04, 9:50 PM] PC Ida: Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is.
The delineation between system software such as and application software is not exact, however, and is occasionally the object of controversy. For example, one of the key questions in the trial was whether Microsoft's was part of its operating system or a separable piece of application software. As another example, the is, in part, due to disagreement about the relationship between the and the operating systems built over this . In some types of , the application software and the operating system software may be indistinguishable to the user, as in the case of software used to control a player. The above definitions may exclude some applications that may exist on some computers in large organizations. For an alternative definition of an app.
Some applications are available in versions for several different platforms; others only work on one and are thus called, for example. an application for Sometimes a new and popular application arises which only runs on one , increasing the desirability of that platform. This is called killer app. For example, VisiCalc was the first modern software for the Apple II and helped selling the then-new into offices. For Blackberry it was their software.
In recent years, the shortened term "app" (coined in 1981 or earlier has become population, the shortened form matching their typically smaller scope compared to applications on PCs. Even more recently, the shortened version is used for desktop application software as well.
There are many different ways to divide up different types of application software, and several are explained here.
Since the development and near-universal adoption of the , an important distinction that has emerged has been between — written with and other web-native technologies and typically requiring one to be online and running a , and the more traditional native applications written in whatever languages are available for one's particular type of computer. There has been a contentious debate in the computing community regarding web applications replacing native applications for many purposes, especially on mobile devices such as and . Web apps have indeed greatly increased in popularity for some uses, but the advantages of applications make them unlikely to disappear soon, if ever. Furthermore,
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